Executive Function and Dementia

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Dementia360 - A Presbyterian SeniorCare Network Program, Allegheny County

For more information about the author, click to view their website: Dementia360 - A Presbyterian SeniorCare Network Program

Posted on

Mar 23, 2026

Executive function is a term used to describe the brain skills that help us plan, make decisions, stay focused, and carry out everyday tasks. You can think of it as the brain’s management system. Just like a conductor leads an orchestra by guiding each musician on when and how to play, executive function helps different parts of the brain work together smoothly. When this system is working well, it allows us to organize our day, follow steps, manage our time, and control our emotions.

These skills are used in many parts of daily life, often without us even noticing. For example, when you plan what to eat, remember an appointment, follow a recipe, or carry on a conversation, you are using executive function. It helps you stay focused on what you are doing, ignore distractions, and switch your attention when needed. It also helps you control impulses, solve problems, and keep track of important information in your mind for a short time.

As people age, especially if they are living with dementia, executive function can begin to decline. This means the brain has more difficulty organizing and managing tasks. A person may find it harder to start something, even if it is familiar, like getting dressed or preparing a meal. They may have trouble planning ahead or figuring out the steps needed to complete a task. Staying focused can also become difficult, and distractions—either from the environment or from their own thoughts—can make it hard to finish what they started.

Changes in executive function can also affect memory and thinking in different ways. A person might have trouble remembering what to do next, following directions, or keeping track of details. Tasks that once felt simple may now feel confusing or overwhelming. It may also take longer to understand information or respond to questions. These changes are not due to laziness or lack of effort but rather changes in how the brain works.

Emotions and behavior can also be affected. Some individuals may become more easily frustrated, especially when something does not go as expected. They may feel overwhelmed or anxious when their routine changes. Others may act more impulsively, saying or doing things without thinking them through, or they may withdraw from social situations because it feels too difficult to keep up. These changes can be challenging not only for the person experiencing them but also for their loved ones.

Executive function difficulties can show up in everyday ways, such as misplacing items, running late, struggling to complete tasks, or having trouble switching from one activity to another. These challenges can affect a person’s independence and confidence over time.

Understanding executive function can help make sense of these changes. For caregivers and family members, it is important to remember that these difficulties are part of the condition and not something the person can control. Dementia 360 can offer strategies and practical tools to help support and maintain quality of life for the individual with dementia.

This article was written by Shawna Sanders, CTRS, CDP, PCHA, Care Coordinator for Dementia360, a program that provides guidance and support to families on the dementia journey. If you are feeling unprepared, alone, stressed or scared, Dementia360 can help. For more information, go to www.srcare.org/dementia360 , email [email protected] or call 412-435-8950.

 

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